Hey there! I hope you’re doing well in these difficult times! Ever wondered about how the “5W’s” can be applied in medicine? If so, well guess what, today’s your lucky day, because I’ll be explaining how.
But before I do so, let’s not forget that many people have already heard about the 5W’s, but in a different context and only related to topics such as English, Reading, and Writing. If you ask, they’d remember the old’ “Who? What? When? Where? Why?”. So let’s break that knowledge-limiting-barrier shall we? First, we need to understand what the 5W’s mean from a medical standpoint. The 5W’s are mnemonic devices, in other words, a verbal memory technique that helps determine the cause of fever after surgery, post-operation if you will.
The first W stands for Wind, it refers to both pneumonia and atelectasis as being the cause of fever. Pneumonia is defined as inflammation of the lungs, caused by the invasion of pus-like-bacteria-Streptococcus-Pneumoniae into the air sacks of the lungs, making breathing difficult. Atelectasis is the dysfunction/collapse of one or both sides of the lung, it’s caused by drugs that slow down the chest muscles such as Anesthesia. If there are signs of a fever present after the first or second day of surgery, it is likely to conclude that the cause of fever is either pneumonia or atelectasis. Nowadays, doctors rely more on pneumonia being the outcome of fever because recent studies have shown that there’s no link between a post-operation fever and atelectasis.
Moving on, the second W stands for Water. This W refers to a Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) as being the cause of fever. A study has shown that after surgery, over 75% of UTI’s are the result of unsanitary conditions during the insertion of a Foley Catheter. A Foley Catheter is a tube-like-medical-instrument used to treat urine problems. If the whole insertion procedure isn’t taken seriously with proper safe sanitation, bacteria may enter the body through naked skin contact, generating an immune response, a fever. UTI’s can be recorded as the cause of fever if the fever has occurred within 3 to 5 days after the operation.
The third W stands for Wound Infection, as likely being the main cause behind fever, taking place 5 to 7 days after the surgery. As said before, bacteria may enter the body through the skin, especially an open wound, and could generate an immune response such as a fever. If a wound infection is likely the cause after diagnosis, doctors must take strict measures to treat the patient with antibiotics before the bacterial entity spreads and causes a life-threatening condition.
More on, the fourth W stands for Walking and it refers to either Thrombosis or Pulmonary Embolism as being the cause of fever. Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot in the deep veins such as those located in the legs. Pulmonary/Lung Embolism is the blocking of the pulmonary artery (a tube that carries blood from the heart to other parts of the body such as lungs) due to a thrombosis (blood clot) traveling from the blood vessels to the lungs and heart. This occurs due to physical activity causing the blood clot to break and travel in the bloodstream. It is urgent for doctors to warn their patients not to move around a lot to prevent Lung Embolism. These two may likely be the cause of fever if it occurs within 7 to 10 days after surgery.
Lastly, the fifth W stands for Wonder Drugs. Wonder Drugs are certain drugs/medications that aren’t compatible with a person’s body system, causing fever and ultimately resulting in an allergic reaction created by the patient’s body. These drugs are given by doctors before the operation to keep the patient stable during the surgery and keep their senses low, numbing them. It’s appropriate for doctors to give their patients a different medication in their favor to prevent further problems and allergic reactions if a fever arises.
There you have it, now you know the 5W’s related to medicine. The main takeaway from this is that a post-operation fever is an indication of a bacterial or viral infection that needs to be treated ASAP. If you found this post informative, please share it among your friends!
Reference
Mayo Clinic Staff. (2018, September 5). Atelectasis – Symptoms and causes. Retrieved June 2, 2020, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369684
Pulmonary Embolism | Deep Vein Thrombosis | MedlinePlus. (n.d.). Retrieved June 2, 2020, from https://medlineplus.gov/pulmonaryembolism.html
Schmidler, C. (2018, March 22). Understanding the 5 W’s of Post Op Fever and Its Variations. Retrieved June 2, 2020, from https://www.healthpages.org/health-a-z/understanding-the-5-ws-of-post-op-fever-and-its-variations/
Veluswamy, A. T., & Thangavelu, D. (2019, September 24). Foley Catheter Insertion: Care, Removal, Use & Types. Retrieved June 2, 2020, from https://www.emedicinehealth.com/foley_catheter/article_em.htm
What is Thrombosis? –. (n.d.). Retrieved June 2, 2020, from https://natfonline.org/patients/what-is-thrombosis/
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